It is not mandatory to include a bibliography if you have cited your sources with full notes. If there are 11 or more, list the first seven followed by “et al.” If a source has multiple authors, list up to 10 in the bibliography. Each source is listed on a new line, with a hanging indent applied to sources that run over onto multiple lines. It appears at the end of your paper (before any appendices).Īuthor names are inverted in the bibliography, and sources are alphabetized by author last name. The bibliography lists full references for all your sources. Navigate through the Chicago citation examples using the tabs below. The page range is separated by an en dash. The elements of the citation are separated by commas, and the note always ends with a period. Page number(s) should be included if you are referring to a specific part of the text. The other elements vary by the type of source you’re citing. Chicago note citation examplesĪ Chicago footnote or endnote citation always contains the author’s name and the title of the source. When there are four or more, use “ et al.” (Latin for “and others”). When a source has multiple authors, list up to three in your note citations. It’s best to check with your instructor if you’re unsure which rule to follow. Guidelines can vary across fields, though sometimes you might be required to use full notes every time, or conversely to use short notes every time, as long as all your sources are listed in the bibliography. The usual rule is to use a full note for the first citation of each source, and a short note for subsequent citations of the same source. Full notes provide complete source information, while short notes include only the author’s last name, the source title, and the page number(s) of the cited passage. short notesĬitations can take the form of full notes or short notes. Most word-processing programs can automatically link your superscript numbers and notes. Choose one or the other and use it consistently. To cite sources in Chicago notes and bibliography style, place a superscript number at the end of a sentence or clause, after the punctuation mark, corresponding to a numbered footnote or endnote.įootnotes appear at the bottom of each page, while endnotes appear at the end of the text. Frequently asked questions about Chicago style citation.
CHICAGO STYLE BIBLIOGRAPHY MANUAL
Students who are unsure of which system to use will find more information here.įor a more comprehensive look at Chicago’s two systems of source citation and many more examples, see chapters 14 and 15 of The Chicago Manual of Style. Most authors choose the system used by others in their field or required by their publisher. Follow the links at the top of this page to see examples of some of the more common source types cited in both systems. Each in-text citation matches up with an entry in a reference list, where full bibliographic information is provided.Īside from the use of numbered notes versus parenthetical references in the text, the two systems share a similar style. In this system, sources are briefly cited in the text, usually in parentheses, by author’s last name and year of publication. The author-date system is more common in the sciences and social sciences. The notes and bibliography system can accommodate a wide variety of sources, including unusual ones that don’t fit neatly into the author-date system. Sources are also usually listed in a separate bibliography. Each note corresponds to a raised (superscript) number in the text. In this system, sources are cited in numbered footnotes or endnotes. The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many working in the humanities-including literature, history, and the arts. If you are unsure about which system to use, read on. If you already know which system to use, follow one of the links above to see sample citations for a variety of common sources. Chicago-style source citations come in two varieties: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date.
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